Python for Physics and Astronomy

The Python programming language is a widely used tool for basic research and engineering. Its rapid rise in popularity is supported by comprehensive, largely open-source, contributions from scientists who use it for their own work. This short course offers an introduction to Python with examples drawn from physics and astronomy.

This resource was developed as a component of a Research Methods class Various examples that may be useful for developing small Python programs are collected here. They are a basis for a few exercises that were assigned during the course are are available here.

This resource is maintained so that it is reasonable current with the latest releases of Python 3 and component modules. The code discussed has been tested in Python 3.6, though some pieces of older code may still be lurking, they should be recognizable and easily modified if errors occur.

The topics and examples covered --

1. Why program? Choosing a language.
2. Very simple Python
   1. Installing it on your computer
   2. Editors and environments
   3. Using it in real time
   4. Using code as a standalone program
   5. Examples
   6. Assignments
3. Elements of Python programming
   1. Input and output
   2. Data types: numbers and strings
   3. Lists, tuples, dictionaries, and statements
   4. Examples
   5. Assignments
4. Solving problems with Python
   1. Flow control
   2. Functions
   3. Iteration
   4. Examples
   5. Assignments
5. Graphical User Interfaces with Python
   1. A Tk Tutorial
   2. Building a Program
   3. Interfacing an Instrument
   4. Events and Control
   5. Widgets
6. Graphics with Python
   1. Matplotlib
   2. Learning the basics of 2D data and function plotting
   3. Interactive plotting
   4. A little 3D plotting
   5. Bokeh
   6. Examples
   7. Assignments
7. NumPy, SciPy and SciKits
   1. NumPy
      1. Arrays
      2. Indexing
      3. Functions and Broadcasting
      4. Matrix and Vector Math
      5. Fourier Transforms in NumPy
   2. SciPy and SciKits
      1. Interpolation
      2. Integration
      3. Differentiation
      4. Statistics
   3. Examples
   4. Assignments
8. Image processing with Python and SciPy
   1. Python Imaging Library - PIL
   2. Images with NumPy and SciPy
   3. Astronomical FITS Files
   4. Other Processing
   5. SciKits
   6. AstroImageJ and Alsvid
   7. Examples
   8. Assignments
9. User Interfaces
   1. Command Line Interfacing and Access to the Operating System
   2. Graphical User Interface to Plotting
   3. Running a Bokeh Server for LIve Plotting of Python Data
   4. Running a Server for Javascript in a Browser Engine
10. How to create a javascript program

These topics may be added to a longer version of this course or as working notes when time allows.

1. Bayesian methods with Python and Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) analyses
2. Real world interfacing
   1. Instrumentation and communication
   2. Serial ports
   3. USB
   4. Ethernet and TCPIP
3. Parallel processing
   1. Using all the processors (CPUs) in your computer
   2. Using graphical processing units (GPUs)
   3. Artificial intelligence computing with tensor processing units (TPUs)
4. Working with the web
   1. HTTP servers
   2. Getting data from servers
   3. Sending data to servers
   4. Using Python with the Common Gateway Interface (CGI)
   5. Programming for server-side processing
5. Python and other languages
   1. Bash scripting in Unix-like systems
   2. Gnu Data Language (GDL) as a replacement for IDL or bridge to Python
   3. Very simple C
   4. Connecting Python to the browser engine
   5. Chrome and Firefox for web development
   6. Java for astronomical calculations: AstroCC and AstroImageJ