\section{About \LaTeX\/ for Dissertations}

\LaTeX\/ is very widely used to produce dissertations in the sciences and
engineering, particularly in Astronomy, Physics, Mathematics and Electrical
Engineering where typesetting mathematics is critical.  However, many
university graduate programs specify dissertation styles that are based on
Microsoft Word and do not have the philosophy that is at the core of
\LaTeX.  That is, \LaTeX\/ was created so that someone could take the burden of
layout and style from you, and let you simply write.  Regrettably, the current
generation of powerful word processing software including Word, LibreOffice, and
Google~Docs, offer considerable freedom, but start with a blank
page and hand to you the task of making everything look consistent, conform to a required
style, and possibly even look beautiful.  You will likely 
spend as much time creating formats and
trying to ``control'' the program  as you will in writing.  
Additionally, entering mathematics in these systems is
tedious, and the results are sometimes disappointing. 
By contrast, with  \LaTeX\/   there are hundreds of 
style files
available  written  by students or their advisors to help  conform to
their school's requirements. The downside is that in reality, 
unless you are skilled at \LaTeX\/ coding,
you need a \textit{class} file to start with  that produces  at least a
close facsimile to a standard style for your university.   

This package is one such attempt for the University of Louisville.  
It is now in
its $6^{th}$ generation and now it is based on the
\textit{memoir} \LaTeX\/ class  that is designed for customized layouts.  The
result, while not a perfect emulation of the standard shown in our most
recent dissertation guide, is close.  It can be customized to fit your
discipline, and it should be straightforward to modify 
both the class file and the template dissertation source file 
for those specific issues
that may come up in your own writing.

Another advantage to using \LaTeX\/ is that most science journals provide
templates for submitting articles in this format.  It is very simple to modify
all or parts of your dissertation for submission  to those journals for
publication, or in the reverse, to take the source you used for published papers
and incorporate it into your dissertation document.  

To that end the Overleaf website  offers on-line storage of your documents, web-based editing, compiling,
pdf production and sharing of the resource files.

\begin{center}
\href{http://www.overleaf.com}{http://www.overleaf.com}
\end{center}

Use this resource so that you do not have to maintain a \LaTeX\/ system on
your own computer, and to have interactive help with immediate display of your
formatted dissertation. It allows you to share your work with your advisor too and fellow students too.

In order to expedite your writing, it is strongly recommended that you
begin using a bibliography file very early on, and add to it  as you develop
content for your dissertation.  With that, including citations in the
dissertation is simple, and \LaTeX\/ with \textit{bibtex} will organize
citations for you.  An example \verb|.bib| file is included in this package and
you will find support with Google searches if you need to know how to add
entries.  The style of the bibliography and the citations can be changed by
altering only a few lines of the source documents.

For Physics and Astronomy, if you need a citation try using the NASA ADS website \href{https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/}{https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/}
to search for relevant papers.  The archive includes most of the mainstream
physics literature, and essentially all of astronomy and astrophysics.  For
any entry you find, there is a clickable link that will generate a bibliography
entry for \textit{bibtex}. Many journals that are included in the database are identified by acronyms in the bibliography, and a list of them is in the file ``journals.tex'' which is included in the ulthesis template.
 
\section{How to Write a Dissertation}

The body of the work goes here.  You may benefit from reading a
book on writing for scientists and engineers.  
Although now from the past century, a 
good one is \textbf{The Technical
Writer's Handbook} by Matt Young \cite{young89}.  Above all, follow 
the advice of your research advisor. 

Here is a short list of grammatical ``do's'' that appeared in the Physical
Review Letters and still remains useful in technical writing
today~\cite{trigg79} --

\begin{enumerate}
\item Make sure each pronoun agrees with their antecedent.
\item Just between you and I, the case of pronouns is important.
\item Watch out for irregular verbs which have crope into English.
\item Verbs has to agree in number with their subjects.
\item Don't use no double negatives.\item Being bad grammar, a writer should
not use dangling modifiers.
\item Join clauses good like a conjunction should.
\item A writer must not shift you point of view.
\item About sentence fragments.
\item Don't use run-on sentences you got to punctuate them.
\item In letters essays and reports use commas to separate items in series.
\item Don't use commas, which are  not necessary.
\item Parenthetical words however should be enclosed in commas.
\item Its important to use apostrophes right in everybodys writing.
\item Don't abbrev.
\item Check to see if you any words out.
\item In the case of a report, check to see that jargonwise, it's A-OK.
\item As far as incomplete constructions, they are wrong.
\item About repetition, the repetition of a word might be real effective
repetition.
\item In my opinion, I think that an author when he is writing should
definitely not get into the habit of making use of too many unnecessary words
that he does not really need in order to put his message across.
\item Use parallel construction not only to be concise but also clarify.
\item It behooves us all to avoid archaic expressions.
\item Mixed metaphors are a pain in the neck and ought to be weeded out.
\item Consult the dictionery to avoid mispelings.
\item To ignorantly split an infinitive is a practice to religiously avoid.
\item Last but not least, lay off cliches.
\end{enumerate}



\section{Overview on Figures}

The Rosette Nebula (NGC 2237-39, 44, 46) is a large and distinctive ring-shaped HII region occupying better
than a degree of the northern sky. It is situated just south of the galactic plane in the constellation Monoceros.  The 
nebula is shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:optical}.

Figures are included  by reference this way: \verb|Fig.~\ref{fig:optical}| using
a label that is included in the figure caption within the \LaTeX\/ source.  See
the tex files in this package for examples such as this one.

% You may insert figures anywhere in the text using this format.  Files in png (preferred for quality), jpg, eps, 
% pdf formats are acceptable but watch for low resolution input not rendering well.  
% The \resizebox option as used here will scale to the width of the text area and keep the figure proportions.  
% You may insert specific sizing if you prefer, and use a \begin{center} ...\end{center} to place a smaller figure
% in the available space. 

% Note the use of \cite for a reference may be in a figure caption, and of \label to refer to the figure in the text.
% Recommended usage for labels is "fig:explain" for a figure, "eq:mymath" for an equation, and "tab:mytablestuff" for a table.
% This makes it easier to organize labels for different purposes.  LaTeX does not care what you use.

\begin{figure}
\resizebox{\textwidth}{!}{\includegraphics*{ros_rgb.jpg}}
\caption[Rosette Tricolor]{A false color view of the Rosette nebula composited from imagery 
collected during this project. The standard Hubble color scheme is used, with red [SII] emission, green H$\alpha$, 
and blue [OIII] emission. All filters are square root scaled, and relative flux from [OIII] and [SII] has been 
enhanced for clarity. \cite{huber2017}\label{fig:optical} }
\end{figure}


\section{About Sections and Equations}

\LaTeX\/ accepts input from a file and uses it in place.  Your master file will read the chapter files, which enables you to write
one chapter at a time easily.  Within a chapter you may have sections such as this one taken from a recent astrophysics
dissertation.~\cite{huber2017}.  It shows how to use the \textit{align} option to display a multi-line set of
equations.

You can see in the \LaTeX\/ source that while we have separated into files by chapter, the organization is actually set by markup \verb|\chapter{title}| and \verb|\section{topic}| within the file. Section identifiers are distinctive and contain numbering that is preserved in the table of contents.  You may refer to chapters or sections by adding a markup \verb|\label{mylabel}| with the argument.  See the source for additional help.

\subsection{An example of equations}

This was produced by including a \verb|\subsection{}| in the source.  The subsection and subsubsection headers are set to have the numbering by adding a command in the ulthesis.cls file.  To minimize clutter you may uncomment the command \verb|\setsecnumdepth{section}| in your dissertation.tex file.  It is in the header just after the use of \verb|ulthesis|.


\subsubsection{Numbered equations}

The \verb|\subsubsection{}| works this way.

One of the defining physical processes of HII regions is the equilibrium between ionization and recombination within the gas. 
For clarity, it is useful to consider the case of a single ionizing star in a cloud of pure, uniform hydrogen gas. 
The ionization equilibrium can then be expressed by equation 

\begin{align}
n(H^0) \int_{\nu_0}^\infty \frac{4\pi J_{\nu}}{h\nu}a_{\nu} (H^0)d\nu &= n(H^0) \int_{\nu_0}^\infty \phi_{\nu} a_{\nu} (H^0) d\nu  \\
=n(H^0)\Gamma(H^0) &= n_e n_p \alpha(H^0, T).  \label{eq:manylines}
\end{align}
  
Here, $n(H^0$), $n_e$, and $n_p$ are the density per unit volume of the neutral atom, electron, and proton respectively, while $\alpha$($H^0$, $T$) is the recombination coefficient \cite{osterbrock2006}. Therefore, the right-hand side of the equation gives the number of recombinations per unit volume per unit time. At equilibrium, this recombination rate will be equal to the rate of ionization per unit time, shown on the left-hand side of the expression. There, $J_{\nu}$ is the mean intensity of radiation in energy units per unit area, per unit time, per unit solid angle, per unit frequency interval and therefore $\phi_{\nu} = 4\pi J_{\nu}/h\nu$ is the incident photons per unit area, per unit time, per unit frequency interval. The threshold energy for ionization is $h\nu_0$ (13.6 eV) and therefore $\nu_0$ is the threshold frequency for an ionizing photon ($3.29 \times 10^{15}$ Hz). The quantity $a_\nu(H^0$) is the ionization cross section for hydrogen by photons above the threshold energy, and consequently the integral product $\Gamma(H^0)$ gives the number of photoionizations per atom per unit time, as expected \cite{osterbrock2006}.

A single line equation would be done this way.

\begin{equation}
\int_{\nu_0}^\infty \frac{L_{\nu}}{h\nu} d\nu =  N_{UV} = (\frac{4\pi}{3})R_S^3 n_e n_p \alpha_B. \label{eq:oneline}
\end{equation}

As Eqs.~\ref{eq:manylines} and \ref{eq:oneline} illustrate, it is often considered good practice to treat them as sentences and to
punctuate them with a ``.'' when appropriate. This style is not universal.  


\subsubsection{Inline equations}

You may want to include an equation or math within the body of the text.  For that purpose, simply use the \verb|$| to enclose the math.  An example would be Newton's $2^\mathrm{nd}$ law, $\vec{F} = m\vec{A}$.
